Apparatus and method for analyzing bacteria

ABSTRACT

An apparatus for analyzing bacteria is described that includes an analytic sample preparation section for preparing an analytic sample by treating a specimen so as to generate a morphological difference between Gram-negative bacteria and Gram-positive bacteria, a detector for detecting optical information from each particle contained in the analytic sample and an analyzing section for detecting Gram-positive bacteria contained on the basis of the detected optical information. A method for analyzing bacteria is also described.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation application of U.S. application Ser.No. 10/961,734 filed Oct. 8, 2004, which claims priority under 35 U.S.C.§119 to Japanese Patent Application No. 2003-352170 filed Oct. 10, 2003,the entire content of which is hereby incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to an apparatus and a method for detectingbacteria in a specimen and in particular to an apparatus and a methodfor detecting Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacteria contained in aspecimen. The present invention also relates to an apparatus and amethod for detecting Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria containedin a specimen.

2. Description of the Related Art

For generally classifying bacteria, the bacteria are first dividedroughly into two groups of bacteria i.e. Gram-positive bacteria andGram-negative bacteria, on the basis of Gram stainability. Theclassification by Gram stainability is the most fundamental standard forclassifying bacteria, and Gram staining classification methods generallyused at present include Gram staining methods such as a Hucker modifiedmethod and a Bartholomew & Mittwer method (Barmi method). These methodsfundamentally require techniques wherein Gram stainability is judged byobserving a stained specimen under a microscope.

As techniques of detecting and counting Gram-positive bacteria by usinga flow cytometer, on one hand, a method described in U.S. Pat. No.5,137,810 is known. In this method, lectin is used. The lectin is asugar-binding protein, and sugar chains to which lectin binds exist onthe cell surface of a bacterium. One kind of lectin, wheat germagglutinin (WGA), has such properties as to bind to sugar chainsexisting abundantly on the cell surface of Gram-positive bacterium.Accordingly, Gram-positive bacteria can be detected by mixingfluorescence-labeled WGA with bacteria and detecting fluorescence.

As techniques of judging whether bacteria contained in a specimen areGram-negative or Gram-positive bacteria and counting the bacteria byusing a flow cytometer, a method described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,545,535 isknown. This is a method of classifying Gram-negative and Gram-positivebacteria by staining bacteria with a reagent containing a plurality offluorescent dyes different from one another in respect of stainingspecificity and fluorescence wavelength, and classifying the bacteriafrom the fluorescence pattern. For example, when SYTO 9 that is afluorescent dye staining bacteria and hexidium iodide that is afluorescent dye staining only Gram-positive bacteria are used, it can bejudged that bacteria stained with both the dye are Gram-positivebacteria, while bacteria stained with only SYTO 9 are Gram-negativebacteria.

By the method using lectin described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,137,810,however, there are cases where accurate judgment results cannot beobtained depending on the kind of bacterium.

By the method using a plurality of fluorescent dyes described in U.S.Pat. No. 5,545,535, there are cases where accurate judgment resultscannot be obtained because contaminants other than bacteria contained ina specimen are also stained.

BRIEF SUMMARY

The present invention provides an apparatus and a method for detectingGram-negative or Gram-positive bacteria more easily, rapidly andaccurately than the conventional techniques. Further, the presentinvention provides an apparatus and a method for detecting Gram-negativeand Gram-positive bacteria more easily, rapidly and accurately than theconventional techniques.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows the constitution of a bacteria analyzing apparatus in oneembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 shows an analytic sample preparation section in the bacteriaanalyzing apparatus in one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3 shows a measurement section in the bacteria analyzing apparatusin one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4 shows a sheath flow cell part in the bacteria analyzing apparatusin one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 5 shows the relationship between a control section and each unit inthe bacteria analyzing apparatus in one embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 6 shows the flow of overall control of the bacteria analyzingapparatus in one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 7 shows the flow of measurement A in one embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 8 shows the flow of analysis in measurement A in one embodiment ofthe present invention.

FIG. 9 shows the flow of measurement B in one embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 10 shows the flow of analysis in measurement B in one embodiment ofthe present invention.

FIG. 11 shows the flow of comprehensive analysis in one embodiment ofthe present invention.

FIGS. 12A and 12B show one example of a two-dimensional scattergramprepared by the bacteria analyzing apparatus in one embodiment of thepresent invention.

FIGS. 13A and 13B show one example of a two-dimensional scattergramprepared by the bacteria analyzing apparatus in one embodiment of thepresent invention.

FIGS. 14A and 14B show one example of a two-dimensional scattergramprepared by the bacteria analyzing apparatus in one embodiment of thepresent invention.

FIGS. 15A and 15B show one example of a two-dimensional scattergramprepared by the bacteria analyzing apparatus in one embodiment of thepresent invention.

FIGS. 16A and 16B show one example of a two-dimensional scattergramprepared by the bacteria analyzing apparatus in one embodiment of thepresent invention.

FIGS. 17A and 17B show one example of a two-dimensional scattergramprepared by the bacteria analyzing apparatus in one embodiment of thepresent invention.

FIGS. 18A and 18B show one example of a two-dimensional scattergramprepared by the bacteria analyzing apparatus in one embodiment of thepresent invention.

FIG. 19 shows the constitution of the bacteria analyzing apparatus inanother embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 20 shows one example of a two-dimensional scattergram prepared bythe bacteria analyzing apparatus in another embodiment of the presentinvention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS AND THE PRESENTLY PREFERREDEMBODIMENTS

Hereinafter, the bacteria analyzing apparatus in one embodiment of theinvention is described in detail by reference to the accompanyingdrawings. In this bacteria analyzing apparatus, an analytic sample towhich an alkaline solution is not added and an analytic sample to whichan alkaline solution is added are prepared, and bacteria in each sampleare detected and counted.

In FIG. 1, the outer appearance of bacteria analyzing apparatus 1 isshown by the solid line, and the constitution of the inside of thebacteria analyzing apparatus is shown by the broken line. On theoutermost front of the bacteria analyzing apparatus 1, a liquidcrystalline touch panel 2 for inputting settings and for displaying andoutputting measurement results, a specimen setting section cover 3, areagent setting section cover 4 and a start switch 5 are disposed. Acontrol section 6 for controlling the movement of the bacteria analyzingapparatus and analytical processing is disposed in the upper space ofthe bacteria analyzing apparatus 1 shown by the broken line. In thefront side of the lower space, an analytic sample preparation section 7for preparing an analytic sample is disposed. In the rear side of thelower space, a measurement section 8 for detecting a signal from theanalytic sample is disposed.

FIG. 2 shows the analytic sample preparation section 7. The analyticsample preparation section 7 includes a specimen setting section 9, areagent setting section 10, a treatment section 11, a dyeing section 12,a pipetting device 13 and a liquid sending device 14. The operator opensthe specimen setting section cover 3 in FIG. 1, and sets aspecimen-containing sample container in the specimen setting section 9.The operator opens the reagent setting section cover 4 in FIG. 1, andsets an alkaline solution-containing micro test tube 15, adye-containing micro test tube 16 and a diluent-containing micro testtube 17 respectively in the reagent setting section 10. In the treatmentsection 11, a micro test tube 18 is set, and the specimen is mixed withthe alkaline solution whereby bacteria in the specimen arealkali-treated. Although not shown in the figure, the treatment section11 is provided with a temperature-regulating mechanism for keeping thesolution in the micro test tube 18 at a predetermined temperature andwith a stirring mechanism for stirring the solution in the micro testtube 18. A micro test tube 19 is set in the dyeing section 12 where adyeing solution and a diluent are mixed with the specimen or the mixtureprepared in the treatment section 11, to prepare the analytic sample.Although not shown in the figure, the dyeing section 12 is provided witha temperature-regulating mechanism for keeping the solution in the microtest tube 19 at a predetermined temperature and with a stirringmechanism for stirring the solution in the micro test tube 19. Apredetermined amount of liquid is suctioned or discharged through thetop of the pipetting device 13, and the pipetting device 13 can movevertically and horizontally by a driving device not shown in the figure.The liquid sending device 14 includes a suction tube 20 for suctioningthe analytic sample, a liquid sending tube 21 for transporting theanalytic sample suctioned through the suction tube 20 to the measurementsection 8 shown in FIG. 3, and a pump 22 for suctioning the analyticsample and sending the analytic sample to the measurement section 8. Thesuction tube 20 is inserted into the micro test tube 19 set in thedyeing section 12, in order to suction a predetermined amount of theanalytic sample. The suctioned analytic sample is sent via the liquidsending tube 21 to the measurement section 8.

FIG. 3 shows the measurement section 8. The measurement section 8includes a sheath flow cell 23, a laser light source 24, a condenserlens 25, converging lenses 26 and 27, pinholes 28 and 29, a filter 30, aphotodiode 31 and a photo-multiplier tube 32. The analytic sampleprepared in the analytic sample preparation section 7 in FIG. 2 ispassed through the sheath flow cell 23. The sheath flow cell 23 shown inFIG. 4 is provided with a sample nozzle 33 for upward jetting theanalytic sample towards a narrow through-hole section 36, a sheathliquid supplying inlet 34, and an exhaust liquid outlet 35. Theconverging lenses 26 and 27 collect optical information such as forwardscattered light and side fluorescence obtained from each particle in theanalytic sample that has received a laser light. The photodiode 31receives the forward scattered light, converts the light intoelectricity and outputs it as light signal. The photo-multiplier tube 32receives the side fluorescence, converts the fluorescence intoelectricity and outputs it as light signal. Each outputted signal issent to the control section 6.

FIG. 5 shows the constitution of the control section 6 and therelationship between the control section 6 and each section of theapparatus. The control section 6 has a microcomputer having a centralprocessing unit (CPU) and memory devices such as ROM/RAM and circuitsfor processing signals sent from the measurement section 8. The controlsection 6 plays a role as memory section 37, analysis section 38 andoperational control section 39. The memory section 37 memorizes ananalysis program for analyzing signals obtained from particles in theanalytic sample and a control program for controlling the operations ofeach section in the apparatus. Data on signals detected in themeasurement section 8, and processing results by the analysis program,are also memorized in the memory section 37. In the analysis section 38,a signal detected in the measurement section 8 is analyzed on the basisof the analysis program, to form data on bacteria contained in theanalytic sample. The data formed in the analysis section 38 are outputto the liquid crystalline touch panel 2. The operational control section39 controls the operations of each section in the apparatus, on thebasis of the control program memorized in the memory section 37.

Hereinafter, the operations of each section are described in moredetail.

First, the operator sets a specimen and a measurement reagent inpredetermined positions in the analytic sample preparation section 7. Byopening the specimen setting section cover 3 in FIG. 1, the specimen canbe set in the specimen setting section 9 in the analytic samplepreparation section 7 in FIG. 2. By opening the reagent setting sectioncover 4, reagents such as an alkaline solution, a dyeing solution and adiluent can be set in the reagent setting section 10 in the analyticsample preparation section 7, whereby the alkaline solution-containingmicro test tube 15, the dye-containing micro test tube 16 and thediluent-containing micro test tube 17 can be set respectively.

A bacteria-containing liquid is used as the specimen. For example, aculture solution obtained by culturing bacteria in a medium, or aclinical sample such as bacteria-containing urine and blood, or the likecan be used as the specimen.

The alkaline solution added in alkali treatment to the specimen isdesirably an alkaline solution at about pH 14. For example, the alkalinesolution includes a potassium hydroxide solution (KOH solution) andsodium hydroxide solution (NaOH solution). When the specimen is treatedwith the alkali, Gram-negative bacteria contained in the specimen aredamaged and shrunk thus undergoing a morphological change. On the otherhand, Gram-positive bacteria do not undergo a morphological change. Thisis because the surface layer of Gram-negative bacteria is thinner thanthe surface layer of Gram-positive bacteria, and thus the surface layerof Gram-negative bacteria is damaged more easily than the surface layerof Gram-positive bacteria. As a result, the particles of Gram-negativebacteria are made considerably smaller than those of Gram-positivebacteria, and the degree of staining of Gram-negative bacteria islowered. In this example, the caused morphological difference betweenGram-negative bacteria and Gram-positive bacteria is utilized to analyzeGram-negative bacteria and Gram-positive bacteria contained in thespecimen.

The concentration of KOH solution is preferably 5 to 25%, mostpreferably 10 to 20%. In alkali treatment with the alkaline solution,the morphological change may hardly occur in some Gram-negativebacteria. As a method of solving this problem, a method of alkalitreatment with an alkaline solution containing a surfactant was found bythe present inventors. By alkali treatment with the alkaline solutioncontaining a surfactant, the morphological change in Gram-negativebacteria can be stably caused. The usable surfactant includes anamphoteric surfactant and a nonionic surfactant. The amphotericsurfactant is not particularly limited, but preferably betaine- andamine oxide-based surfactants are mentioned. The nonionic surfactant isnot particularly limited, but preferably alkyl phenol-based surfactantsand Triton are mentioned. In this example, Triton is used. Theconcentration of Triton contained in KOH is preferably 0.01 to 0.05g/ml, most preferably 0.02 to 0.04 g/ml. In this example, 10% KOHsolution containing 0.02 g/ml Triton is used.

The dyeing solution used in this example is the one containing apolymethine-based fluorescent dye represented by the structural formulabelow. However, the dye contained in the dyeing solution is notparticularly limited insofar as bacteria can be stained. From theviewpoint of the ability to detect bacteria, a fluorescent dye bindingto at least one of the components constituting bacteria and emittingfluorescence is desirably used. The polymethine-based fluorescent dyeused in this example has a property of binding specifically to nucleicacid of bacteria, and thus by a dyeing solution containing this dye,bacteria only can be specifically stained while contaminants are hardlystained.

As the diluent, a surfactant-containing solution having a bufferingaction in the vicinity of pH 2.0 to 4.5 is used. In the case of usingthe dyeing solution containing the fluorescent dye, dyeing under acidconditions is desirable to suppress dyeing contaminants moreeffectively. In this example, the diluent was prepared at pH 2.5. Thesurfactant contained in the diluent includes a cationic surfactant, ananionic surfactant, an amphoteric surfactant and a nonionic surfactant.As the diluent in this example, a diluent having the followingcomposition containing a cationic surfactant is used. In this example,tetradecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide was used as the cationicsurfactant.

Reagent composition (diluent) Citric acid 100 mM Sodium sulfate  90 mMAmide sulfuric acid 100 mM Tetradecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide 0.1%NaOH added in an amount to adjust the diluent to pH 2.5

As described above, a specimen and reagents are set, and the startswitch 5 is pushed, whereby an overall control is started. FIG. 6 is aflow chart showing the flow of the overall control by the controlprogram. When the start switch is pushed, S1 (measurement A), S2(measurement B), S3 (comprehensive analysis) and S4 (output) areexecuted successively. The analytic sample preparation section 7,measurement section 8, and analysis section 38 are regulated by thecontrol program, and a series of operations is automatically executed.The above-mentioned S1, S2, S3 and S4 are described in detail.

S1 (Measurement A)

FIG. 7 is a flow chart of measurement A. In measurement A, a analyticsample is prepared without adding the alkaline solution to a specimen,and both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria (referred tohereinafter, as total bacteria) contained in the sample are detected,and as shown in FIG. 7, measurement A is comprised of S101 (dyeingtreatment), S102 (measurement processing) and S103 (analyticalprocessing). The operations of each section in each step are describedbelow. S101 (dyeing treatment) is the operation of the analytic samplepreparation section 7.

S101 (Dyeing Treatment)

The operation of the analytic sample preparation section 7 in dyeingtreatment is described by reference to FIG. 2. First, the pipettingdevice 13 suctions a specimen from a specimen container set in thespecimen setting section 9, and 25 μl of the specimen is pipetted intothe micro test tube 19 set in the dyeing section 12. Then, the pipettingdevice 13 suctions the diluent from a micro test tube 17 set in thereagent setting section 10, and 365 μl of the diluent is pipetted intothe micro test tube 19 set in the dyeing section 12. Further, thepipetting device 13 suctions the dyeing solution from a micro test tube16 set in the reagent setting section 10, and 10 μl of the dyeingsolution is pipetted into the micro test tube 19 set in the dyeingsection 12. Thereafter, the dyeing section 12 stirs the micro test tube19 for 30 seconds while the temperature is kept at 42° C. An analyticsample is thereby prepared in the micro test tube 19. After the analyticsample is thus prepared, the analytic sample is suctioned by the liquidsending device 14 from the micro test tube 19 in the dyeing section 12and sent to the sheath flow cell 23 in the measurement section 8.

S102 (Measurement Processing)

The operation of the measurement section 8 in measurement processing isdescribed by reference to FIGS. 3 and 4. The analytic sample prepared inthe analytic sample preparation section 7 is sent to the sheath flowcell 23 and discharged from the sample nozzle 33 to the sheath flowcell. Simultaneously, a sheath solution is discharged from the sheathliquid supplying inlet 34 into the sheath flow cell. The analytic sampleis thereby surrounded by the sheath solution within the sheath flowcell, and flows as a thinner stream by the narrow through-hole section36. The flowing solution is made as thin as the diameter of bacterialparticle, and thus the particles contained in the analytic sample canflow in a line in the narrow through-hole section 36.

Laser light emitted from the laser light source 24 is condensed by thecondenser lens 25 and applied onto the sample stream running through thenarrow through-hole section 36. Forward scattered light emitted fromeach of the particles in the sample that has received the laser light iscondensed by the converging lens 26 and passed through a pinhole 28.Side florescence is condensed by the converging lens 27 and passedthrough filter 30 and pinhole 29. The forward scattered light isreceived by photodiode 31, converted from light into electricity, andoutputted as forward scattered light signal. The side fluorescence isreceived by photo multiplier tube 32, converted from light intoelectricity, and outputted as side fluorescence signal. Each outputtedsignal is sent to the control section 6 and memorized as data on eachparticle in the memory section 37.

S103 (Analytical Processing)

When the forward scattered light signal and side fluorescence signal aredetected by measurement in S102, the analysis section 38 analyzes eachsignal, on the basis of an analysis program. The operation of theanalysis program in analytical processing is described by reference tothe flow chart in FIG. 8. Each step in the flow chart is as follows:

S103-1: Data on the forward scattered light signal and side fluorescencesignal detected from the sample are read from the memory section 37. Theprocedure is followed by S103-2.

S103-2: On the basis of the forward scattered light signal and sidefluorescence signal obtained from each particle in the analytic sample,the forward scattered light intensity (Fsc) and side fluorescenceintensity (FL) are calculated. The procedure is followed by S103-3.

S103-3: Fsc and FL for each particle calculated in S103-2 are used asparameters to prepare a scattergram. First, two-dimensional coordinateswith Fsc and FL coordinate axes are developed, and on the basis of Fscand FL, a coordinate position corresponding to each particle in theanalytic sample is determined. The scattergram with Fsc and FL asparameters is thus prepared. The procedure is followed by S103-4.

S103-4: On the prepared scattergram, a region where total bacteriaappear (this region is referred to as GPN region) is established. TheGPN region is established on the scattergram, as shown in FIG. 12A. TheGPN region thus established is empirically determined by previouslymeasuring the analytic sample containing Gram-negative and Gram-positivebacteria. Both dots corresponding to Gram-negative bacteria and dotscorresponding to Gram-positive bacteria, contained in the sample, appearin the GPN region. The GPN region is memorized in the memory section 37,read by the analysis program in S103-4, and applied to the scattergram.The procedure is followed by S103-5.

S103-5: The number of dots in the GPN region is counted. This isfollowed by S103-6.

S103-6: On the basis of the number of dots counted in S103-5, the numberof total bacteria contained in the specimen is calculated. On thescattergram, dots corresponding to the total bacteria appear on the GPNregion. On the basis of the number of dots appearing on the GPN region,the number of the total bacteria contained in the specimen can becalculated. In this example, the number of total bacteria contained perμL of the specimen is calculated from the determined number of dots.This is followed by S103-7.

S103-7: Data on the number of dots in the GPN region calculated inS103-5 and data on the number of total bacteria calculated in S103-6 arememorized.

As described above, FIG. 12A is shown to explain the scattergramprepared in S103-3 and S103-4. In the scattergram, FL is shown on theabscissa, and Fsc on the ordinate. The value of FL is increased in thedirection from left to right on the abscissa. The value of Fsc isincreased in the upward direction on the ordinate. Both Gram-negativebacteria and Gram-positive bacteria contained in the sample appear onthe GPN region established on the scattergram.

S2 (Measurement B)

FIG. 9 is a flow chart of measurement B. In measurement B, the samespecimen as used in measurement A is used. In measurement B, an alkalinesolution (10% KOH solution containing a nonionic surfactant Triton) isadded to the specimen, whereby a morphological change is caused in onlyGram-negative bacteria in the specimen, and Gram-positive bacteriacontained in the specimen are detected, and as shown in FIG. 9,measurement B is comprised of S201 (alkali treatment), S202 (dyeingtreatment), S203 (measurement processing) and S204 (analyticalprocessing). The operations of each section in the analyzer in each stepare described below. S201 (alkali treatment) and S202 (dyeing treatment)are the operations of the analytic sample preparation section 7.

S201 (Alkali Treatment)

The operations of the analytic sample preparation section 7 in alkalitreatment with an alkaline solution are described by reference to FIG.2. First, the pipetting device 13 suctions a specimen from a specimencontainer set in the specimen setting section 9, and 25 μl of thespecimen is pipetted into the micro test tube 18 set in the treatmentsection 11. Then, the pipetting device 13 suctions the alkaline solutionfrom a micro test tube 15 set in the reagent setting section 10, and 25μl of the alkaline solution is pipetted into the micro test tube 18 setin the treatment section 11. In the treatment section 11, the micro testtube 18 is kept at a temperature of 42° C. under stirring for 10seconds. In this manner, 50 μl sample wherein the bacteria werealkali-treated is prepared in the micro test tube 18. After thealkali-treated sample is prepared, the pipetting device 13 suctions thesample and pipettes it the micro test tube 19 set in the dyeing section12.

S202 (Dyeing Treatment)

The operations of the analytic sample preparation section 7 in dyeingtreatment are described by reference to FIG. 2. When the sample is sentto the micro test tube 19 in the dyeing section 12 in the step of S201,the pipetting device 13 suctions the diluent from a micro test tube 17set in the reagent setting section 10, and 340 μl of the diluent ispipetted in the micro test tube 19 set in the dyeing section 12.Further, the pipetting device 13 suctions the dyeing solution from amicro test tube 16 set in the reagent setting section 10, and 10 μL ofthe dyeing solution is pipetted in the micro test tube 19 set in thedyeing section 12. Thereafter, the micro test tube 19 is maintained at42° C. under stirring for 30 seconds in the dyeing section 12. In thismanner, the analytic sample to which the alkaline solution was added isprepared in the micro test tube 19.

In preparation of the analytic sample in measurement B described above,an alkaline solution is used to treat the specimen under alkalineconditions, and then bacteria contained in the specimen is stained. As aresult, Gram-negative bacteria have underwent the morphological change,and thus their particles are very smaller than particles ofGram-positive bacteria, and the degree of staining of Gram-negativebacteria is significantly reduced. Accordingly, the Gram-negativebacteria and Gram-positive bacteria can be easily distinguished fromeach other by differences in the forward scattered light intensity andfluorescence intensity.

When the analytic sample is prepared in this manner, the liquid sendingdevice 14 suctions the analytic sample from the micro test tube 19 inthe dyeing section 12, and sends it to the sheath flow cell 23 in themeasurement section 8.

S203 (Measurement Processing)

The measurement section 8 in measurement processing is actuated in thesame manner as in S102 (measurement processing) in measurement A, andforward scattered light signal and side fluorescence signal aredetected, and each detected signal is sent to the memory section 37.

S204 (Analytical Processing)

When the forward scattered light signal and side fluorescence signal aredetected by measurement processing in S203, the analysis section 38analyzes each signal on the basis of an analysis program. The operationof the analysis program in analytical processing is described byreference to the flow chart in FIG. 10. Each step in the flow chart isas follows:

S204-1: Data on the forward scattered light signal and side fluorescencesignal detected in the sample are read from the memory section 37. Theprocedure is followed by S204-2.

S204-2: On the basis of the forward scattered light signal and sidefluorescence signal obtained from each particle in the analytic sample,the forward scattered light intensity (Fsc) and side fluorescenceintensity (FL) are calculated. The procedure is followed by S204-3.

S204-3: Fsc and FL for each particle calculated in S204-2 are used asparameters to prepare a scattergram. First, two-dimensional coordinateswith Fsc and FL coordinate axes are developed, and on the basis of Fscand FL, a coordinate position corresponding to each particle in theanalytic sample is determined. The scattergram with Fsc and FL asparameters is thus prepared. The procedure is followed by S204-4.

S204-4: On the prepared scattergram, a region where Gram-positivebacteria appear (this region is referred to as GP region) isestablished. The GP region is established on the scattergram, as shownin FIG. 12B. The GP region thus established is empirically determined bypreviously measuring an analytic sample prepared by adding an alkalinesolution to a specimen containing bacteria confirmed to be Gram-positivebacteria or Gram-negative bacteria. Dots corresponding to Gram-positivebacteria contained in the sample appear in the GP region. The GP regionis memorized in the memory section 37, read by the analysis program inS204-4, and applied to the scattergram. The procedure is followed byS204-5.

S204-5: The number of dots in the GP region is counted. This is followedby S204-6.

S204-6: On the basis of the number of dots counted in S204-5, the numberof Gram-positive bacteria contained in the specimen is calculated. Onthe scattergram, dots corresponding to Gram-positive bacteria appear onthe GP region. On the basis of the number of dots appearing on the GPregion, the number of Gram-positive bacteria contained in the specimencan be calculated. In this example, the number of Gram-positive bacteriacontained per μL of the specimen is calculated from the determinednumber of dots. This is followed by S204-7.

S204-7: Data on the number of dots in the GP region calculated in S204-5and data on the number of Gram-positive bacteria calculated in S204-6are memorized.

As described above, FIG. 12B is shown to explain the scattergramprepared in S204-3 and S204-4. In the scattergram, FL is shown on theabscissa, and Fsc on the ordinate. The value of FL is increased in thedirection from left to right on the abscissa. The value of Fsc isincreased in the upward direction on the ordinate. Gram-positivebacteria contained in the analytic sample appear on the GP regionestablished on the scattergram. On the other hand, Gram-negativebacteria contained in the analytic sample are damaged and shrunk byalkali treatment. Therefore, the forward scattered light intensity andflorescence intensity obtained from the Gram-negative bacteria aresmaller than those from Gram-positive bacteria, and thus theGram-negative bacteria appear in the vicinity of the origin of thecoordinate axes on the scattergram. Accordingly, the Gram-negativebacteria and Gram-positive bacteria can be easily distinguished fromeach other by differences in the forward scattered light intensity andfluorescence intensity.

S3 (Comprehensive Analysis)

The data obtained in measurements A and B are analyzed on the basis ofthe analysis program. The operations of the analysis program in thiscomprehensive analysis are described by reference to the flow chart inFIG. 11. Each step in the flow chart is as follows.

S301: Data on the number of total bacteria obtained in measurement A anddata on the number of Gram-positive bacteria obtained in measurement Bare read. This is followed by step S302.

S302: On the basis of each data, the number of Gram-negative bacteria iscalculated by subtracting the number of Gram-positive bacteria from thenumber of the total bacteria. In measurement B, the Gram-negativebacteria are shrunk by alkali treatment. Accordingly, the Gram-negativebacteria appear intensively in the vicinity of the origin of thecoordinate axes on the scattergram obtained in measurement B. However,when contaminants are contained in the specimen, there are cases wherethe contaminants appear in the vicinity of the origin of the coordinateaxes on the scattergram. This is because the scattered light intensityand fluorescence intensity of the contaminants are also very low.Accordingly, the number of Gram-negative bacteria can be easilydetermined by subtracting the number of Gram-positive bacteriadetermined in measurement B from the number of the total bacteriadetermined in measurement A. The procedure is followed by S303.

S303: The number of Gram-positive bacteria is compared in the followingmanner with the number of Gram-negative bacteria calculated in stepS302. First, A is determined from the following equation:

GP/(GP+GN)=A

wherein GP is the number of Gram-positive bacteria, and GN is the numberof Gram-negative bacteria.

When the value of A calculated from the above equation is equal orhigher than a predetermined value, the procedure is followed by S304. Onthe other hand, when the value of A is less than a predetermined value,the procedure is followed by step S305.

S304: Gram-positive bacterium flag X is set at “1”. This step isfollowed by S306.

S305: Gram-positive bacterium flag X is set at “0”. This step isfollowed by S306.

S306: The procedure of judging whether the Gram-positive bacterium flagX is “1” or not is executed in S306. When the Gram-positive bacteriumflag X is “1”, the procedure is followed by S307, while when theGram-positive bacterium flag X is “0”, the procedure is followed byS308.

S307: The result “Major bacteria contained in the specimen areGram-positive bacteria” is memorized.

S308: The result “Major bacteria contained in the specimen areGram-negative bacteria” is memorized.

S4 (Output)

In output in S4, the following result is output and displayed on theliquid crystalline touch panel 2.

-   -   The scattergram and the number of total bacteria obtained in S1        (measurement A).    -   The scattergram and the number of Gram-positive bacteria        obtained in S2 (measurement B).    -   The number of Gram-negative bacteria and the judgment result        “Major bacteria contained in the specimen are Gram-positive        bacteria” or “Major bacteria contained in the specimen are        Gram-negative bacteria” obtained in S3 (comprehensive analysis).

The foregoing is a flow chart of the measurement in this example.

Measurement Example 1

Using the bacteria analyzing apparatus 1 described above, a specimen wasanalyzed as follows. The specimen used was a culture obtained byculturing objective bacteria to a density of about 10⁵ cells/ml in aheart infusion liquid medium. In this example, cultures of the following6 kinds of bacteria were prepared and used as specimens. In the 6 kindsof bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria are the following 3 bacteria:

-   -   Acinetobacter baumannii (ATCC 19606) (hereinafter, referred to        as “A. baumannii”)    -   Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) (hereinafter, referred to as “E.        coli”)    -   Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 700603) (hereinafter, referred to as        “K. pneumoniae”)

Gram-positive bacteria are the following 3 bacteria:

-   -   Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212) (hereinafter, referred to as        “E. faecalis”)    -   Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213) (hereinafter, referred to as        “S. aureus”)    -   Lactobacilllus achidophilus (ATCC 4356) (hereinafter, referred        to as “L. achidophilus”).

In this example, a culture of A. baumannii is referred to as specimen(I), a culture of E. coli as specimen (II), a culture of K. pneumoniaeas specimen (III), a culture of E. faecalis as specimen (IV), a cultureof S. aureus as specimen (V), and a culture of L. achidophilus asspecimen (VI).

Scattergrams obtained by analyzing the specimens (I) to (VI) by usingthe bacteria analyzing apparatus 1 are shown in FIGS. 13, 14, 15, 16, 17and 18, respectively.

FIG. 13 is a scattergram obtained by analyzing the specimen (I). FIG.13A is a scattergram obtained by measurement A (without alkalitreatment), and FIG. 13B is a scattergram obtained by measurement B(with alkali treatment).

FIG. 14 is a scattergram obtained by analyzing the specimen (II). FIG.14A is a scattergram obtained by measurement A (without alkalitreatment), and FIG. 14B is a scattergram obtained by measurement B(with alkali treatment).

FIG. 15 is a scattergram obtained by analyzing the specimen (III). FIG.15A is a scattergram obtained by measurement A (without alkalitreatment), and FIG. 15B is a scattergram obtained by measurement B(with alkali treatment).

In FIGS. 13A, 14A and 15A which are scattergrams obtained by measurementA, dots corresponding to the Gram-negative bacteria appear in the GPNregion where total bacteria appear. On the other hand, FIGS. 13B, 14Band 15B which are scattergrams obtained by measurement B, none of dotsappear in the GP region where Gram-positive bacteria appear, and dotsappear in the vicinity of the origin.

FIG. 16 is a scattergram obtained by analyzing the specimen (IV). FIG.16A is a scattergram obtained by measurement A (without alkalitreatment), and FIG. 16B is a scattergram obtained by measurement B(with alkali treatment).

FIG. 17 is a scattergram obtained by analyzing the specimen (V). FIG.17A is a scattergram obtained by measurement A (without alkalitreatment), and FIG. 17B is a scattergram obtained by measurement B(with alkali treatment).

FIG. 18 is a scattergram obtained by analyzing the specimen (VI). FIG.18A is a scattergram obtained by measurement A (without alkalitreatment), and FIG. 18B is a scattergram obtained by measurement B(with alkali treatment).

In FIGS. 16A, 17A and 18A which are scattergrams obtained by measurementA, dots corresponding to the Gram-positive bacteria appear in the GPNregion where total bacteria appear. On the other hand, FIGS. 16B, 17Band 18B which are scattergrams obtained by measurement B, dots appear inthe GP region where Gram-positive bacteria appear.

From FIGS. 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18, it could be confirmed that inmeasurement A, both the Gram-negative bacteria and Gram-positivebacteria appear in the GPN region. It could also be confirmed that inmeasurement B, the Gram-negative bacteria appears outside of the GPregion, while the Gram-positive bacteria appear in the GP region. TheGram-negative bacteria and Gram-positive bacteria are significantlydifferent from each other in respect of the position where their dotsappear, and thus the Gram-negative bacteria and Gram-positive bacteriacan be easily distinguished from each other.

Then, whether major bacteria contained in each of the specimens (I) to(VI) are Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria was judged by thebacteria analyzing apparatus 1. The results are collectively shown inthe following table.

TABLE 1 Specimen Judgment result I Gram-negative bacteria IIGram-negative bacteria III Gram-negative bacteria IV Gram-positivebacteria V Gram-positive bacteria VI Gram-positive bacteria

As shown in Table 1, the major bacteria contained in the specimens (I),(II) and (III) were judged to be Gram-negative bacteria, and the majorbacteria contained in the specimens (IV), (V) and (VI) were judged to beGram-positive bacteria. The judgment results by this analysis revealthat in any specimens (I) to (VI), the judged bacterial species agreewith the bacterial species contained actually in each specimen.

In the bacteria analyzing apparatus 1 in this example, the morphologicaldifference is caused between Gram-negative bacteria and Gram-positivebacteria, whereby the Gram-negative bacteria and Gram-positive bacteriacan be easily distinguished from each other by using a single dye inplace of a plurality of dyes. Accordingly, Gram-negative bacteria andGram-positive bacteria can be detected easily and rapidly. In theexample described above, the Gram-negative bacteria and Gram-positivebacteria contained in the specimens can be rapidly detected, and whetherthe major bacteria contained in the specimen are Gram-negative bacteriaor Gram-positive bacteria can be judged.

The bacteria analyzing apparatus 1 in the example described above is aapparatus in which every constitution is embodied, but the presentinvention is not limited to such constitution. For example, the bacteriaanalyzing apparatus may be a apparatus from which a partial constitutionis separated as shown in FIG. 19. The bacteria analyzing apparatus 40 inFIG. 19 is comprised of a measuring main body 41 and a personal computer42. Although not shown in the figure, the measuring main body 41 has astart switch, an analytic sample preparation section for preparing ananalytic sample, a measurement section for detecting signals from theanalytic sample, and a first control section for controlling theoperations of the apparatus. The first control section includes a firstmemory section for memorizing a control program for regulating theoperations of each apparatus and an operation control section forregulating the operations of each apparatus on the basis of the controlprogram memorized in the first memory section. The personal computer 42includes an output display 43 for displaying measurement results, aninput section 44 for inputting the setting and a second control section45 for controlling analytical processing. The second control section 45includes a second memory section for memorizing an analysis program andprocessing results by the analysis program and an analysis section forexecuting analysis on the basis of data obtained by measurement. In FIG.19, the measuring main body 41 is connected via a connector to thepersonal computer 42. The operations of each section in the apparatusare regulated by the first control section in the measuring main body41. Measurement data obtained by the measuring main body 41 arememorized in the second memory section in the personal computer 42 andanalyzed in the analysis section.

In the example described above, the bacteria are cultured in a mediumsolution, and the resulting culture is used as a specimen. In thepresent invention, however, not only the microbial culture but also aclinical sample such as urine and blood collected from a patient can besubjected to measurement as it is. The Gram stainability classificationof bacteria contained in the specimen can thereby be rapidly effected.

Whether the major bacteria contained in a specimen are Gram-negativebacteria or Gram-positive bacteria is judged in S3 (comprehensiveanalysis) in the bacteria analyzing apparatus 1 in the example describedabove, but the present invention is not limited thereto. For example,when “a specimen containing one kind of bacteria” such as used inMeasurement Example 1 is to be analyzed, it is evident that one kind ofbacteria is contained in the specimen, and thus the bacteria in thespecimen can be classified into either Gram-negative or Gram-positivebacteria. In this case, therefore, whether the kind of the bacteriacontained in the specimen is Gram-negative bacteria or Gram-positivebacteria may be judged in S3 (comprehensive analysis).

In the bacteria analyzing apparatus 1 in the example described above,measurement A wherein an analytic sample is prepared without subjectinga specimen to alkali treatment and measurement B wherein an analyticsample is prepared by subjecting a specimen to alkali treatment arecarried out, and the number of Gram-negative bacteria is calculated bysubtracting the number of Gram-positive bacteria obtained in measurementB from the number of total bacteria obtained in measurement A, but thepresent invention is not limited thereto. For example, only measurementB wherein an analytic sample is prepared by subjecting a specimen toalkali treatment may be conducted. In this case, the number ofGram-positive bacteria contained in the specimen can be calculated basedon dots corresponding to Gram-positive bacteria in the GP regionestablished in the scattergram.

In the bacteria analyzing apparatus 1 in the example described above,the number of Gram-negative bacteria is calculated by subtracting thenumber of Gram-positive bacteria from the number of total bacteria, butthe present invention is not limited thereto. After Gram-negativebacteria are detected, the number of the detected Gram-negative bacteriamay be calculated. As shown in FIG. 20, for example, the region (GNregion) where Gram-negative bacteria appear is established, and on thebasis of dots corresponding to Gram-negative bacteria appearing in theGN region, the number of the Gram-negative bacteria contained in thespecimen may be calculated. Further, the number of the Gram-positivebacteria may be calculated by subtracting the number of theGram-negative bacteria from the number of total bacteria.

In this example, the morphological difference is caused betweenGram-negative bacteria and Gram-positive bacteria, whereby theGram-positive bacteria contained in the specimen can be easily andrapidly detected. In this example, the Gram-negative bacteria andGram-positive bacteria can be easily and rapidly detected.

1. (canceled)
 2. An apparatus for discriminately analyzing a first typeof constituents and a second type of constituents contained in a sample,the apparatus comprising a processor of a computer system and a memorythat stores programs executable by the processor to: flow a quantity ofthe sample through a flow cytometer and detect first and second signalsfrom the flow cytometer which are indicative respectively of first andsecond optical characteristics of the constituents; scale the detectedfirst and second signals onto a two-dimensional scale, wherein the firstand second optical characteristics are scalable respectively along twoaxes of the two-dimensional scale; read from the memory a firsttwo-dimensional threshold defined to delineate, on the two-dimensionalscale, a first region within which both the first and second types ofconstituents are empirically determined likely to exhibit their firstand second optical characteristics; apply the first two-dimensionalthreshold to the first and second signals scaled onto thetwo-dimensional scale to derive a first count indicative of a number ofthe first and second types of constituents countable within the firstregion on the two-dimensional scale; flow through the flow cytometeranother quantity of the sample, which is treated with a chemical thatcan cause different degrees of change to at least one of the first andsecond optical characteristics between the first and second types ofconstituents, and detect third and fourth signals from the flowcytometer which are indicative respectively of the first and secondoptical characteristics of the chemically treated constituents; scalethe detected third and fourth signals onto the two-dimensional scale;read from the memory a second two-dimensional threshold defined todelineate, on the two-dimensional scale, a second region inside whichthe chemically treated first type of constituents are empiricallydetermined likely to exhibit their first and second opticalcharacteristics and outside which the chemically treated second type ofconstituents are empirically determined likely to exhibit their firstand second optical characteristics; apply the second two-dimensionalthreshold to the third and fourth signals scaled onto thetwo-dimensional scale to derive a second count indicative of a number ofthe chemically treated first type of constituents countable within thesecond region on the two-dimensional scale; and calculate a ratio of thesecond count to the first count to present a criterion for determiningwhether the sample contains the first type of constituents or the secondtype of constituents.
 3. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein thefirst type of constituents are Gram-positive bacteria and the secondtype of constituents are Gram-negative bacteria.
 4. The apparatusaccording to claim 2, wherein the chemical is an alkaline solution,which causes one of the first and second types of constituents to becomesmaller than the other.
 5. The apparatus according to claim 2, whereinthe first and second signals are from forward scattered light and sidefluorescence light of the flow cytometer.
 6. The apparatus according toclaim 2, wherein the programs further comprise a program executable bythe processor to subtract the first count with the second count toderive a third count, which is indicative of a number of the second typeof constituents countable within the first region on the two-dimensionalscale.
 7. A method for discriminately analyzing a first type ofconstituents and a second type of constituents contained in a sample,the method comprises computer-executable steps performed by a processorof a computer system to implement: flowing a quantity of the samplethrough a flow cytometer and detecting first and second signals from theflow cytometer which are indicative respectively of first and secondoptical characteristics of the constituents; scaling the detected firstand second signals onto a two-dimensional scale, wherein the first andsecond optical characteristics are scalable respectively along two axesof the two-dimensional scale; reading from the memory a firsttwo-dimensional threshold defined to delineate, on the two-dimensionalscale, a first region within which both the first and second types ofconstituents are empirically determined likely to exhibit their firstand second optical characteristics; applying the first two-dimensionalthreshold to the first and second signals scaled onto thetwo-dimensional scale to derive a first count indicative of a number ofthe first and second types of constituents countable within the firstregion on the two-dimensional scale; flowing through the flow cytometeranother quantity of the sample, which is treated with a chemical thatcan cause different degrees of change to at least one of the first andsecond optical characteristics between the first and second types ofconstituents, and detecting third and fourth signals from the flowcytometer which are indicative respectively of the first and secondoptical characteristics of the chemically treated constituents; scalingthe detected third and fourth signals onto the two-dimensional scale;read from the memory a second two-dimensional threshold defined todelineate, on the two-dimensional scale, a second region inside whichthe chemically treated first type of constituents are empiricallydetermined likely to exhibit their first and second opticalcharacteristics and outside which the chemically treated second type ofconstituents are empirically determined likely to exhibit their firstand second optical characteristics; applying the second two-dimensionalthreshold to the third and fourth signals scaled onto thetwo-dimensional scale to derive a second count indicative of a number ofthe chemically treated first type of constituents countable within thesecond region on the two-dimensional scale; and calculating a ratio ofthe second count to the first count to present a criterion fordetermining whether the specimen contains the first type of constituentsor the second type of constituents.
 8. The method according to claim 7,wherein the first type of constituents are Gram-positive bacteria andthe second type of constituents are Gram-negative bacteria.
 9. Themethod according to claim 7, wherein the chemical is an alkalinesolution, which causes one of the first and second types of constituentsto become smaller than the other.
 10. The method according to claim 7,wherein the first and second signals are from forward scattered lightand side fluorescence light of the flow cytometer.
 11. The methodaccording to claim 7, wherein further comprising subtracting the firstcount with the second count to derive a third, which is indicative of anumber of the second type of constituents countable within the firstregion on the two-dimensional scale.
 12. A non-transitory storage mediumwhich stores programs executable by a processor of an apparatus fordiscriminately analyzing a first type of constituents and a second typeof constituents contained in a sample, the program being executable bythe processor to: flow a quantity of the sample through a flow cytometerand detect first and second signals from the flow cytometer which areindicative respectively of first and second optical characteristics ofthe constituents; scale the detected first and second signals onto atwo-dimensional scale, wherein the first and second opticalcharacteristics are scalable respectively along two axes of thetwo-dimensional scale; read from the memory a first two-dimensionalthreshold defined to delineate, on the two-dimensional scale, a firstregion within which both the first and second types of constituents areempirically determined likely to exhibit their first and second opticalcharacteristics; apply the first two-dimensional threshold to the firstand second signals scaled onto the two-dimensional scale to derive afirst count indicative of a number of the first and second types ofconstituents countable within the first region on the two-dimensionalscale; flow through the flow cytometer another quantity of the sample,which is treated with a chemical that can cause different degrees ofchange to at least one of the first and second optical characteristicsbetween the first and second types of constituents, and detecting thirdand fourth signals from the flow cytometer which are indicativerespectively of the first and second optical characteristics of thechemically treated constituents; scale the detected third and fourthsignals onto the two-dimensional scale; read from the memory a secondtwo-dimensional threshold defined to delineate, on the two-dimensionalscale, a second region inside which the chemically treated first type ofconstituents are empirically determined likely to exhibit their firstand second optical characteristics and outside which the chemicallytreated second type of constituents are empirically determined likely toexhibit their first and second optical characteristics; apply the secondtwo-dimensional threshold to the third and fourth signals scaled ontothe two-dimensional scale to derive a second count indicative of anumber of the chemically treated first type of constituents countablewithin the second region on the two-dimensional scale; and calculate aratio of the second count to the first count to present a criterion fordetermining whether the specimen contains the first type of constituentsor the second type of constituents.
 13. The storage medium according toclaim 12, wherein the first type of constituents are Gram-positivebacteria and the second type of constituents are Gram-negative bacteria.14. The storage medium according to claim 12, wherein the chemical is analkaline solution, which causes one of the first and second types ofconstituents to become smaller than the other.
 15. The storage mediumaccording to claim 12, wherein the first and second signals are fromforward scattered light and side fluorescence light of the flowcytometer.
 16. The storage medium according to claim 12, wherein theprograms further comprise a program executable by the processor tosubtract the first count with the second count to derive a third count,which is indicative of a number of the second type of constituentscountable within the first region on the two-dimensional scale.